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1 History of Use and Potential Sources
1. History of Use and Potential Sources
1.1 History of 1,4-Dioxane Production
1.2 Uses of 1,4-Dioxane
1.3 Primary and Secondary Sources of Contamination
1.4 Presence in Environmental Media
2 Regulatory Framework
2. Regulatory Framework
2.1 Federal Regulation of 1,4-Dioxane
2.2 State Regulation of 1,4-Dioxane
2.3 International Regulation
3 Environmental Fate, Transport, and Investigative Strategies
3. Environmental Fate, Transport, and Investigative Strategies
3.1 Chemical and Physical Properties
3.2 Considerations for Developing or Refining a CSM for 1,4-Dioxane
4. Sampling and Analysis
4. Sampling and Analysis
4.1 1,4-Dioxane Sampling
4.2 1,4-Dioxane Analysis
4.3 1,4-Dioxane Data Evaluation
5. Toxicity and Risk Assessment
5. Toxicity and Risk Assessment
5.1 Human Exposure Assessment
5.2 Human Toxicity
5.3 Ecological Exposure and Toxicity
5.4 Risk Characterization and Uncertainty
5.5 Risk Communication
6. Remediation and Treatment Technologies
6. Remediation and Treatment Technologies
6.1 Characteristics That Affect Treatment Selection
6.2 Drinking Water and Wastewater Treatment
6.3 Soil/Vadose Zone Treatment
6.4 Ex Situ Groundwater Treatment
6.5 In Situ Groundwater Treatment
Case Studies
Fact Sheets
References
Appendix A: Summary of State Regulations, Policies, and Guidance for 1,4-Dioxane
Appendix B: 1,4-Dioxane Identifiers and the Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,4-Dioxane
Appendix C: Team Contacts
Appendix D: Glossary
Appendix E: Acronyms
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1,4-Dioxane
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This Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (ITRC) online documentation includes the 1,4-Dioxane Fact Sheets, Guidance Document, and six-part modular training courses prepared by the ITRC 1,4-Dioxane Team. Links within the online document help the reader locate interrelated topics. It is the intention of ITRC to periodically update the document as significant new information and regulatory approaches for 1,4-dioxane develop. The web-based nature of this document lends itself to updating of key information in this rapidly evolving subject. Each document can be downloaded as a PDF.

The documents are designed for state and federal environmental staff, project managers, and other stakeholders  to gain knowledge of 1,4-dioxane history and potential sources, regulatory framework, environmental fate and transport, investigation strategies, sampling and analysis, toxicity and risk assessment, and remediation and treatment technologies. The document was developed by a team of over 200 environmental practitioners drawn from state and federal government, academia, industry, environmental consulting, and public interest groups. While every effort was made to keep the information accessible to a wide audience, it is assumed the reader has some basic technical background in chemistry, environmental sciences, risk assessment, and environmental remediation.  ITRC also produced a Risk Communications Toolkit that can be applied to emerging contaminants and 1,4-dioxane issues.

Lists of acronyms, glossary terms, and references cited in the documents are also available on this website.

 
Published by the Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, February 2021
Permission is granted to refer to or quote from this publication with the customary acknowledgment of the source. The suggested citation for this document is as follows:
ITRC (Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council). 2021. 1,4-Dioxane. Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, 1,4-Dioxane Technical Team. www.itrcweb.org.
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1,4-Dioxane

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Permission is granted to refer to or quote from this publication with the customary acknowledgment of the source (see suggested citation and disclaimer). This web site is owned by ITRC • 1250 H Street, NW • Suite 850 • Washington, DC 20005 • (202) 266-4933 • Email: [email protected] • Terms of Service, Privacy Policy, and Usage Policy ITRC is sponsored by the Environmental Council of the States.